dealing with constraint violations.

Constraint Checking: Before executing any database operation, the DBMS verifies that all integrity constraints are satisfied. If any constraint is violated, the operation is rejected.

Cascading Updates & Cascading Deletes: With ON UPDATE CASCADE, changes to a parent table's primary key automatically update the related foreign keys. With ON DELETE CASCADE, deleting a parent record automatically deletes all related child records.

Rollback: If a transaction violates any constraint or encounters an error, the ROLLBACK operation cancels all changes made during that transaction, restoring the database to its previous consistent state.